Know Your Rights: What a Debt Collector Can and Cannot Do

Why is a debt collector contacting me?

A debt collector may reach out because a creditor believes you are past due on a debt you owe. That is the most common reason for the calls or letters.

Ignoring a collector is unlikely to make them stop. If you believe you do not owe the debt, the CFPB says you should tell the collector directly.

The good news: you have real rights under federal law, and using them does not cost a penny.

Can I ask a collector to prove I owe the debt?

Yes. If you do not owe the debt, or you just want proof, you can ask for it. This is called a validation notice, and it is one of your rights.

The CFPB's Debt Collection Rule, which took effect on November 30, 2021, clarifies what information a collector must give you and how they can contact you.

The CFPB offers free sample letters and how-to guides to reply to a collector and ask for proof of the debt.

What can a collector NOT do to me?

The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) says a debt collector cannot use unfair or harassing practices to collect a debt.

You have the right to tell a collector to stop contacting you. And only in rare cases can collectors take Social Security or VA benefits.

If a collector is calling non-stop or crossing the line, that behavior may break the law. You do not have to just take it.

How do I push back, for free?

Start at the CFPB's debt collection pages. They explain your rights in plain language and give step-by-step guides on how to reply, how to negotiate a settlement, and what to do if you are sued.

If you already contacted the company and still have a problem, you can submit a complaint to the CFPB. They forward it to the company and work to get you a response, generally within 15 days.

One caution: a debt settlement company is not the same as these free tools. Be careful before paying anyone. No service can guarantee it will erase or greatly reduce your debt on a set timeline. The CFPB path is free.

Frequently asked questions

Can I make a collector stop calling me?

Yes. You have the right to tell a debt collector to stop contacting you. The CFPB provides free guidance and sample letters to help you do this in writing.

What if I do not think I owe the debt?

Tell the collector. You can ask for proof of the debt, called a validation notice. The CFPB has free sample letters you can use to request it.

Should I use a debt settlement company?

Be careful. A settlement company is not the same as the free CFPB tools, and no service can guarantee it will erase or greatly reduce your debt on a set timeline. Compare your options before paying anyone.

Does filing a CFPB complaint cost money?

No. Submitting a complaint to the CFPB is free. They forward it to the company and work to get you a response, generally within 15 days.